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theory of multiple intelligences
The theory of multiple intelligences is a theory of intelligence that differentiates it into specific (primarily sensory) "modalities", rather than seeing intelligence as dominated by a single general ability. This model was proposed by Howard Gardner in his 1983 book ''Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences''. Gardner articulated eight criteria for a behavior to be considered an intelligence. These were that the intelligences showed: potential for brain isolation by brain damage, place in evolutionary history, presence of core operations, susceptibility to encoding (symbolic expression), a distinct developmental progression, the existence of savants, prodigies and other exceptional people, and support from experimental psychology and psychometric findings.
Gardner chose eight abilities that he held to meet these criteria:〔Slavin, Robert (2009) ''Educational Psychology'', p. 117 ISBN 0-205-59200-7〕 musical–rhythmic, visual–spatial, verbal–linguistic, logical–mathematical, bodily–kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic. He later suggested that existential and moral intelligence may also be worthy of inclusion. Although the distinction between intelligences has been set out in great detail, Gardner opposes the idea of labeling learners to a specific intelligence. Each individual possesses a unique blend of all the intelligences. Gardner firmly maintains that his theory of multiple intelligences should "empower learners", not restrict them to one modality of learning.〔McKenzie, W. (2005). Multiple intelligences and instructional technology. ISTE (International Society for Technology Education). ISBN 156484188X〕 According to Gardner, an intelligence is "a biopsychological potential to process information that can be activated in a cultural setting to solve problems or create products that are of value in a culture."
Many of Gardner's "intelligences" correlate with the ''g'' factor, supporting the idea of a single dominant type of intelligence. According to a 2006 study, each of the domains proposed by Gardner involved a blend of ''g'', cognitive abilities other than ''g'', and, in some cases, non-cognitive abilities or personality characteristics. Empirical support for non-''g'' intelligences is lacking or very poor. Despite this lack of evidence, the ideas of multiple non-''g'' intelligences are attractive to many due to the suggestion that everyone can be smart in some way. Cognitive neuroscience research does not support the theory of multiple intelligences.
==Intelligence modalities==
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